The purpose of this book is to provide a general overview of the translation and cultural adaptation process of clinical research survey instruments with a focus on the linguistic aspects of the process. Survey instruments here refer to any text, printed or electronic, prepared in order to collect information in a clinical research setting. This broad definition covers patient-reported, clinician-reported, and caregiver-reported outcomes measures, as well as patient diaries, indexes, scales, symptom checklists, etc. The target audience includes translation agencies that specialize in the translation of clinical research survey instruments, contract research organizations and their respective translation departments, regulators, industry, and academia.