The role of HPV CMV and EBV latent viruses of the development of Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC)

Background: In recent years, a dynamic increase in the incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) has been observed, especially in highly developed countries. As in the case of anal and genital cancers, a significant proportion of OPSCC (about 60%) is due to sexually acquired HPV infection, and the increase in OPSCC is attributed to changes in sexual behavior in Western countries. EBV and CMV viruses are also characterized by carcinogenesis, but the literature data on their participation in the development of neoplasms of the middle throat are still very limited. Objective: The aim of this article is to review the latest scientific reports on the impact of infections with latent viruses (HPV, EBV, CMV) on the oncogenesis process in the middle pharynx and to summarize the prophylactic options using the available multivalent vaccines against HPV infections. Conclusions: HPV-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma of the middle pharynx is a significant clinical problem due to the increase in the number of cases, especially in young people, who lack classic risk factors, such as exposure to tobacco and alcohol. HPV-dependent neoplasms are characterized by a better prognosis and less invasive oncological therapy (radiotherapy and chemotherapy). Of central importance in the prevention of HPV-positive OPSCC in both women and men is prophylaxis with multivalent vaccination. Due to the lack of sufficient data on the participation of EBV and CMV viruses in the development of OPSCC, as well as the lack of prophylaxis, intensive research in this area is necessary.