Catalytic oxidation technology is considered one of the most promising techniques for the catalytic removal of toluene, with the key lies in the design of efficient and cost-effective catalysts. In recent years, various catalysts have been investigated for the catalytic oxidation of toluene. However, the complexity of the practical flue gas components and the requirement for continuous high-temperature operation impose higher demands on catalyst stability and anti-deactivation performance. While some reviews have mentioned the stability issue of VOCs catalysts, few studies have specifically focused on and systematically summarized the diverse deactivation factors and corresponding mitigation strategies for the catalytic oxidation of toluene. This review specifically addresses these issues by presenting recent advances in the catalytic oxidation of toluene, focusing on the chemical stability, thermal stability, and deactivation resistance of the catalyst. The key reaction mechanisms (Eley-Rideal mechanism, Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism and Mars-van Krevelen mechanism) are outlined, along with a thorough analysis of major deactivation factors, including thermal sintering, carbon deposition, and the detrimental effects of , and chlorine. Strategies for designing robust catalysts, such as optimizing active phase components, supports, physicochemical properties, and structural engineering, are systematically discussed. Some catalysts with high activity have also demonstrated significant stability improvements (e.g., the stability of single-atom catalysts). Moreover, regeneration methods for deactivated catalysts are critically reviewed. Finally, the current research progress and future challenges in this field are evaluated. This review aims to guide the design of oxidation catalysts with superior stability and higher operational efficiency under realistic industrial conditions.