Instant on-site screening and discrimination of designer benzodiazepine date rape drugs in spiked beverages at electrified liquid-liquid interface

2025
journal article
article
4
dc.abstract.enBenzodiazepines (BZs) are a class of regulated psychoactive drugs prescribed for various clinical condition including insomnia, anxiety, withdrawal syndrome, etc. Designer BZ are the chemical derivatives of the BZ drugs with little (or even no) toxicological and pharmacological data and approval for clinical practice. Owing to the unknown toxicological behaviour and prompt association in numerous drug facilitated crimes the designer BZ has emerged as serious hazard to public health and safety. In this work, we exercised the interfacial ion transfer characteristics of four designer BZ (Clonazolam, Diclazepam, Flualprazolam, Flubromazolam) at the electrified liquid-liquid interface (eLLI) to explore their physiochemical parameters such as molecular partitioning coefficients, distribution constants and concentration fractions across the conventional pH range. A linear sweep voltammetric analysis of each BZ drug at eLLI delivered key analytical parameters such as the linear detection range, limits of detection, quantification and voltametric sensitivity which are found to be in the range of $2 – 50 μM, 0.14 – 0.24 μM, 2.0 μM, and 0.152 – 0.345 A.M^{–1}$, respectively. Furthermore, the eLLI based designer BZ sensor demonstrates admirable analytical performance towards the on-spot detection of the BZ spiked in three different beverage samples. On top, the configured eLLI based BZ sensor is promising towards discriminating two BZ drugs with identical chemical cores at lower concentrations.
dc.affiliationWydział Chemii : Zakład Chemii Analitycznej
dc.contributor.authorBalamurugan, Thangaraj S.T.
dc.contributor.authorLaroui, Abdelatif
dc.contributor.authorWietecha-Posłuszny, Renata - 132627
dc.contributor.authorPoltorak, Lukasz
dc.date.accession2025-08-14
dc.date.accessioned2025-08-14T08:36:09Z
dc.date.available2025-08-14T08:36:09Z
dc.date.createdat2025-08-13T11:54:46Zen
dc.date.issued2025
dc.date.openaccess0
dc.description.accesstimew momencie opublikowania
dc.description.versionostateczna wersja wydawcy
dc.description.volume443
dc.identifier.articleid138228
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.snb.2025.138228
dc.identifier.issn0925-4005
dc.identifier.projectDRC AI
dc.identifier.urihttps://ruj.uj.edu.pl/handle/item/558969
dc.identifier.weblinkhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925400525010044?via%3Dihub
dc.languageeng
dc.language.containereng
dc.rightsUdzielam licencji. Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowa
dc.rights.licenceCC-BY
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode.pl
dc.share.typeinne
dc.source.integratorfalse
dc.subject.enclonazolam
dc.subject.endiclazepam
dc.subject.enflualprazolam
dc.subject.enflubromazolam
dc.subject.enIon transfer voltammetry
dc.subject.endesigner date rape drugs
dc.subtypeArticle
dc.titleInstant on-site screening and discrimination of designer benzodiazepine date rape drugs in spiked beverages at electrified liquid-liquid interface
dc.title.journalSensors and Actuators, B: Chemical
dc.typeJournalArticle
dspace.entity.typePublicationen
dc.abstract.en
Benzodiazepines (BZs) are a class of regulated psychoactive drugs prescribed for various clinical condition including insomnia, anxiety, withdrawal syndrome, etc. Designer BZ are the chemical derivatives of the BZ drugs with little (or even no) toxicological and pharmacological data and approval for clinical practice. Owing to the unknown toxicological behaviour and prompt association in numerous drug facilitated crimes the designer BZ has emerged as serious hazard to public health and safety. In this work, we exercised the interfacial ion transfer characteristics of four designer BZ (Clonazolam, Diclazepam, Flualprazolam, Flubromazolam) at the electrified liquid-liquid interface (eLLI) to explore their physiochemical parameters such as molecular partitioning coefficients, distribution constants and concentration fractions across the conventional pH range. A linear sweep voltammetric analysis of each BZ drug at eLLI delivered key analytical parameters such as the linear detection range, limits of detection, quantification and voltametric sensitivity which are found to be in the range of $2 – 50 μM, 0.14 – 0.24 μM, 2.0 μM, and 0.152 – 0.345 A.M^{–1}$, respectively. Furthermore, the eLLI based designer BZ sensor demonstrates admirable analytical performance towards the on-spot detection of the BZ spiked in three different beverage samples. On top, the configured eLLI based BZ sensor is promising towards discriminating two BZ drugs with identical chemical cores at lower concentrations.
dc.affiliation
Wydział Chemii : Zakład Chemii Analitycznej
dc.contributor.author
Balamurugan, Thangaraj S.T.
dc.contributor.author
Laroui, Abdelatif
dc.contributor.author
Wietecha-Posłuszny, Renata - 132627
dc.contributor.author
Poltorak, Lukasz
dc.date.accession
2025-08-14
dc.date.accessioned
2025-08-14T08:36:09Z
dc.date.available
2025-08-14T08:36:09Z
dc.date.createdaten
2025-08-13T11:54:46Z
dc.date.issued
2025
dc.date.openaccess
0
dc.description.accesstime
w momencie opublikowania
dc.description.version
ostateczna wersja wydawcy
dc.description.volume
443
dc.identifier.articleid
138228
dc.identifier.doi
10.1016/j.snb.2025.138228
dc.identifier.issn
0925-4005
dc.identifier.project
DRC AI
dc.identifier.uri
https://ruj.uj.edu.pl/handle/item/558969
dc.identifier.weblink
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925400525010044?via%3Dihub
dc.language
eng
dc.language.container
eng
dc.rights
Udzielam licencji. Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowa
dc.rights.licence
CC-BY
dc.rights.uri
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode.pl
dc.share.type
inne
dc.source.integrator
false
dc.subject.en
clonazolam
dc.subject.en
diclazepam
dc.subject.en
flualprazolam
dc.subject.en
flubromazolam
dc.subject.en
Ion transfer voltammetry
dc.subject.en
designer date rape drugs
dc.subtype
Article
dc.title
Instant on-site screening and discrimination of designer benzodiazepine date rape drugs in spiked beverages at electrified liquid-liquid interface
dc.title.journal
Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical
dc.type
JournalArticle
dspace.entity.typeen
Publication
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