Bibliogr. w przypisach

In international trade relations, the principle of reciprocity is related to equality of states. The concept of exchange underpins the synallagmatic nature of a multilateral trading system. However, reciprocity requires modifications when the factual positions of states differ. For the benefit of all, reciprocity needs to be adapted to reflect the different situations of developing states and address closer regional cooperation. Such modifications are incorporated in the law of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Since a multilateral system would not function effectively without such flexibilities, they are expressions rather of pragmatism than of solidarity or gratitude. Adjustments to reciprocity become increasingly important also for other reasons. As the paradigm of economic growth evolves towards the idea of sustainable development, the WTO legal system is gradually extended beyond reciprocal trade relations. Introduction of the term sustainable development into the preamble of the Marrakech Agreement has opened economic relations to environmental and social values, which surpass the logics of do ut des and are more oriented towards diffuse/stochastic reciprocity. Moreover, interpretation of WTO agreements in the context of Agenda 2030 leads to a closer integration of the multilateral trading system with other subsystems of international law, which are based to a lesser extent on the paradigm of reciprocity. Notwithstanding these changes, negative reciprocity remains a cornerstone of WTO’s dispute settlement and enforcement system. The mechanism of cross-retaliations was designed to counterbalance the differences in the economic potentials of states, but its application has proven only partially effective. The example of WTO law demonstrates therefore the multifaceted nature of reciprocity, its consequences, prospects, and flaws. This will allow to discuss the legal nature of reciprocity in WTO and its possible metalegal nature.