Bibliogr. s. 315-321

The chapter examines two geopolitical entities commonly referred to in the literature as proto-states: West Papua, which is part of Indonesia, and Azawad, situated within the territory of the Republic of Mali. Additionally, the case of Western Sahara is mentioned within a comparative context. The chapter aims to elucidade the aspirations of the inhabitants of these regions for independence, delineate the historical (both colonial and post-colonial) factors that have shaped their development, and expound upon the political and international implications associated with the failure to address their quest for independence. Furthermore, it examines the resulting consequences, both in terms of political dynamics and operational security, for these proto-states and their respective regions in Southeast Asia and Africa. The chapter employs comparative, genetic, and historical methods, alongside critical analysis of relevant literature, documents, reports, and statistical data.