Photocatalysts based on titanium dioxide have been prepared by a modified sol–gel process using different alkoxide precur-
sors. Depending on the precursor and the calcination temperature of the gels, carbon-containing catalysts with large surface
areas, capable to photodegrade
p-chlorophenol (4CP) with visible light ($\lambda$>400 nm), have been obtained. Photodegradation
and mineralisation were confirmed by HPLC and TOC measurements. The catalysts were characterised by physisorption of
argon, elemental analysis, EPR, UV/VIS, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), FT-IR and high-resolution transmission electron
microscopy (HRTEM). A highly condensed, carbonaceous species formed during calcination is responsible for the photosen-
sitisation. When used as a photoelectrode, the appearance of a photocurrent indicated the semiconductor nature of these novel
materials. The catalysts exhibit a surprisingly good long-time stability despite of the carbonaceous nature of the sensitising
species. It is also shown, that commercially available $TiO_{2}$
can be photosensitised by impregnation with suitable alcohols
followed by pyrolysis.