Aspirations and eff orts of creative Ukrainian revolutionary intellectuals focused on achievement of socially-cultural and state renaissance of Ukraine, became an unreal and impossible vision faced with the practice of Bolshevik ideology. Ukrainian writers Volodymyr Vynnychenko, Mykola Khvylovyi, and Mykola Kulish called themselves communists, nevertheless their critical mind did not accept the fanatic and passive following of the Bolshevism. Th e criticism toward Marxism in its Leninist version was a turning point in their communist convictions. Th e negation of Russian bolshevism pushed them to reject the Moscow policy toward Soviet Ukraine, however they did not discard their communist ideas, or rather: the ultimate goal of the communist utopia. In the critical post-revolutionary moment the framers of the Ukrainian culture desired to speak in their own, not muted voice, in all important cultural and national questions. Th e conviction that the Ukrainian and Russian national interests of that time completely diverged, led the Ukrainian communists - Vynnychenko, Khvylovyi, and Kulish - to reject the socialist and communist utopia in its bolshevik version. In the literary works of that time they expressed their dilemmas that increased with a total politization of social and cultural relations. Th rough the literature they managed to capture and present the problems this the Ukraine in the years 20. of XX century struggled with, not only in a national, but also in universal, human dimension.