10.1515/tour-2017-0011	e-ISSN2080-6922

ISSN0867-5856

Tourism2017,27/2

RobertFaracik

JagiellonianUniversity,CracowInstituteofGeographyandSpatialManagement

DepartmentofTourismandHealthResortManagement

robert.faracik@uj.edu.pl

THEHISTORICTOWNOFSANDOMIERZASATOURISTDESTINATION

Abstract:Townsaretouristdestinationsbecauseoftheirmaterialheritage,culturaleventsaswellasawiderangeofotherattractions.Aspecialroleincontemporarytourismdevelopmentisplayedbyhistorictownsthatoffertouristsnotonlyheritagebutalsocombinetheirgeniuslociwithcontemporaryhumanneeds.SandomierzisoneoftheoldestPolishtownswithitsoriginsgoingbacktotheearlyPiastperiod.Thethousandyearsofitshistoryisvisibleinawell-preservedurban-architecturalcomplexwhichhassuccessfullysurvivedbothworldwarsinthe20thc.Today'simageof‘tourist’SandomierzisconnectedwiththeTVserialofOjciecMateusz.Thestory,setinSandomierz,hasbecomeatouristattractionaswellasanimportantmeansofpromotionandcreatinganimageofthetownasapleasantandhospitableplace.Theroleoftheserialasafactorfortourismdevelopmentintermsoftourisminfrastructureandvolumeoftouristsdatesfrom2008.Sandomierzoffersmuchelsethathascreatedfavourableconditionsforthedevelopmentofnewformsoftourism.

Keywords:Sandomierz,historictown,tourism.

INTRODUCTION

Withbothrichnessofhistoricalandculturalheritageandopportunitiesforleisure,townshaveattractedtravellerssincethebeginningsofmoderntourism.ThiswasvisibleforinstancewiththegrandtourwhichappearedwiththeRenaissanceinEuropeinthelate16thc.andwasintensifiedinthefollowingcenturiesThenupperclassyoungBritonsheadedtowardssouthernEuropetovisitplacesrelatedtobothancienthistoryandhistoricalandartisticerasincludingParis,Venice,FlorenceandRome,aswellasanumberofsmallercitiesandtownswheretracesofthepasthadbeenpreserved.TheywerefollowedbyotherEuropeansincludingGermans,RussiansandFrenchaswellasPoles,whosehomelandinthe19thc.wasunderpartition.

Thiswayacanonofhistorictownswasestablished

attractingtravellersbytheirbeautyexpressingbothantiquityand,inmanycases,speciallandscapesresultingfromrelationsbetweenthetownandthenaturalenvironment(suchaslandforms,rivers,eco-systems,coastsandnaturalresources).TheirspecificlinksweremanifestedprimarilyinClassical,MedievalandRenaissancetowns(e.g.concerningdefensivesystemsandurbanlayout)aswellasinBaroqueand

Neo-classicaltowns(e.g.concerningaestheticsandland-scape).Inthisway,thetownsemerginganddevelop-ingbecamedefinedashistoric,incontrasttocon-temporarytownswhich,accordingtothemodernparadigm,arecreatedforarapidlychangingcapitalistsociety.

Atown,asaspecificcreationbothenduringandundergoingchange,shapesitselfandisbeingshapedfunctionallybyitsinhabitantsandusers,buthasbeengraduallylosingitshistoricalnature.Thisprocesshasbeenstimulatedbyotherfactorssuchasnaturaldisasters,wars,andpoliticaldecisions.Thus,todaythescaleofpreservationofthehistoricalmaterialherit-agediffersbetweenindividualtowns,aswellasthediversityofattitudestowardssuchheritagefoundamongtheresidentsanddecision-makersresponsibleforshapingitsfuturevision.

Itshouldbeexplicitlystatedherethatby‘historictown’differenttypesaredescribedintheliterature.Thetermcanapplytotheentireurbanorganismoronlytothespecificpartwherethehistoricurban-architecturallayouthasbeenpreserved,oftendirectlyconnectedwithitsbeginnings(inPolishoftencalledStareMiasto–OldTown).Forexample,inthecaseof

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Krakówthehistoriccitycanbetakeneitherastheentirecitywithinitsadministrativeboundaries(byanalysingwiderhistoricalthemesthroughoutitsterritory),oronlythehistoriccentre,whoseexternalbordersareratherfluiddependingonthecontext.

Indiscussionsabouttherelationshipbetween

ahistorictownandtourism,theworksofAshworth(ASHWORTH&TUNBRIDGE1990,ASHWORTH1993)play

animportantrole.Ashworth’s‘historictown’is

dynamicandunderlinestherelationofmodernmantoitshistory.ItisunderstoodbyAshworthasasecondstageinthetransformationprocessfromanoldtowntoaheritagetown,analysedasaproductofferedfortourists.Thiscontextunderlinestheroleoftheso-calledheritageplanningprocess;inAshworth’sconceptnoteveryoldtownisahistorictown.

ThehistoryofPolishtownsdatesbacktotheearlyMiddleAges,andtheiroriginsaretobefoundinthePiasttownswithsitesdatingbacktothe10thand11thc.Mostoftoday’sPolishtownshavemedievalroots.InmanycasestheirhistoricdistrictshavesurvivedonlyintheurbanlayoutwithalimitednumberofhistoricalmonumentsastheresultofthedestructioncausedbyWorldWarsIandII.Thebest-preservedurban-architecturalensembleshavebeendesignatedasworldheritagesites(UNESCO),forinstanceKraków,Warsaw(reconstructed),ZamośćandToruń.

OneofthebestpreservedPolishOldTownsislocatedinSandomierz(25,000inhabitantsin2015).Itissituatedonhighground,ahillmostlycoveredwithloessintheformofanelongatedpromontory,separatedtothisdayfromtherestofthetownbydeepravinesandthevalleyofVistula.Thisgivesthetownaparticularlyhighlandscapevalue.ItsformismostclearlyvisiblefromtheVistulaside,andconsistsofsuccessivedominantfeatures,enrichingthehorizontalcompositionoftheentireurbancomplex(Photo1).

Photo1.Sandomierz.PanoramaofthetownfromtheVistula(Photo:R.Faracik)

Theisolationofthehillhasalsopreserveditsunique,historiccharacter.TheloessravinesandtheuniqueareaofGóryPieprzowe(PepperHills)addition-allyenrichitstouristattractions(PAŁYS&WĘGOREK1998,CZARNECKI1996).Thetownbecameatouristcentreattheturnofthe20thc.whichiswidelydocumentedbyguidebooksandotherpublicationsfromthattime.TheaimofthisarticleistopresenttheroleoftheStareMiastodistrictofSandomierzinthedevelopmentofthetownasatouristdestination.

STAREMIASTOINTHESPATIALORGANISATIONOFCONTEMPORARYSANDOMIERZ

Asaresultofaboutathousandyearsoftransforma-tion,thesettlementofSandomierz(KALINOWSKIetal.1956,KALINOWSKI1986,FLOREK2005)hasbeenformed

(Fig.1)anditskeyistoday'sStareMiasto(Fig.1,no.4).

Fig1.ThecurrentlayoutofthesettlementofSandomierz1–CastleHill,2a–St.JamesHill,2b–CollegiumHillandthesurroundingsofCollegiumGostomianum,3–areaofthetown

untiltheTatarraid,4–areaofthetownonreceivingitscharter,5–PrzedmieścieOpatowskie,6–theright-bankofthetown,

7–residentialareas(after1945),W–VistulaSource:author

Sandomierzwasfoundedin1286byPrinceLeszekCzarny(afterthefinaldestructionofaformertownduringTatarraidsin1259/60),andthenenlargedandfortifiedbyKingKazimierzWielki.Itscentralpartconsistsofformerlyseparateelevations(2b)onwhichearlymedievalbuildingwaslocated(thesurround-ingsoftoday'scathedralandCollegiumGostomianum).TogetherwiththebuildingsaroundthelaterSt.James’Church(2a),andwiththefortifiedtownonthecastlehill(1),theyformedtheoldestsettlementinSando-mierz.Bythemiddleofthe13thc.,thetownwas

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developingacrosstheloesshills(3),andfromthisperiodtwochurchesarepreserved:St.James’andSt.Paul’s.Today,thispartofthetown(theoriginalStareMiasto)isalarge‘oasis’ofgreenerywithpreservedloessravines(includingStJadwiga(aPolishqueen),orPiszczele,convertedintoaparkandrecreationarea).Tothisday,thehillwithitscastleisthenaturalkey-stoneofbothpartsofthetown.TheextensionofStareMiastooutsideitsmedievalwalls,atthebeginningsoftheroadslinkingSandomierzwithOpatówandZawichost,wasformedofsettlementintheareaofthesuburbs:PrzedmieścieOpatowskiegoandPrzedmieścieZawichojskie.Asignificantchangeinthetown’surbanstructurestartedonlyinthe20thc.withthedevelop-mentofSandomierzastheadministrativeandeco-nomiccentreoftheplannedCOP(CentralnyOkręgPrzemysłowy-CentralIndustrialRegion)inthe1930s,theincorporationofareasontherightbankoftheVistulain1938(6)(MYJAK2013),thelocationoffactoriesintheeraofsocialistindustrialization,andtheconstructionofresidentialandservicefacilities(6,7).Thelocationofthehistoricdistrictonanisolatedelevationprotecteditfromthedirectinfluenceofbothindustrialandresidentialdevelopment.TheresultisthattheStareMiastoofSandomierzhaspreservedahighlandscapevaluewhichdistinguishesitfromothersinPoland.

DESTRUCTIONWITHINTHESTAREMIASTOANDACTIONAGAINSTTHECONSEQUENCES

Thegradualdeclineofthetownbeganinthemid-17thc.andneglectedbuildingsfellintoruin.Subsequentconflictsandwars(duringthepartitions,Sandomierzwasabordertown)contributedtofurtherdestruction.Particularlyintensedegradationtookplaceinthe19thc.withintheStareMiasto.AtthattimeSando-mierz,aprovincialtownwithoutdevelopmentpro-spectsorinvestment,facedaneedtoreorganizeandrebuilditsinfrastructure.TheconditionoftheStareMiastowasmadeworsebyfrequentdisasterscausedbylandslidesandthesubsidenceofundergroundpassagesandstorehouses.ThiswascausedbythegeologyoftheSandomierzHillsaswaterfromrainfall,andleakingfromthewatersupplyandseweragesystems,infiltratedtheloesslayer.Fortunately,thisimprovedwiththecompletionofprojectsculminat-inginthedemolitionofthetownwallsandsomeheavilydamagedbuildings(e.g.theruinsofSt.Paul’sChurch).PartofthetownwasdestroyedduringtheFirstWorldWar.Fortunately,theStareMiastodidnotsufferduringthefightingontheBaranow-Sandomierz

‘bridgehead’inJulyandAugust1944andsurvivedWorldWarII.

Duringthesecondhalfofthe20thc.,however,destructionresultingfromsubsidenceandlandslidesbecameincreasinglyacute.Inordertosolvethisproblemcomprehensively,scientistsfromAGHinKraków(UniversityofScienceandTechnology)weregivenresponsibility.Startingintheearly1960stheirworkunderthesupervisionofProf.ZbigniewStrze-leckienabledthegeologyofthetownhilltobestudiedpreciselyandidentifiedthecauses.Therescueopera-tionsstartedin1964,andalargepartwasperformedbyworkersfromtheminingconstructioncompanyPółnocinBytom.Thefirststagewascompletedin1980intimeforthecelebrationsforSandomierz’smillen-nium.Oneadditionalideaproposedwasthedevelop-mentofanundergroundtouristtrailwithinthedis-coveredpassagesunderSandomierzmarketsquare.Thetrail,about470mlongincluding34chambersgivennamesreferringtothehistoryandlegendsofSando-mierz,wasopenedtothepublicon10December1977(MIKOŚ,CHMURA&TAJDUŚ2013).StartingfromOleś-nickiManorandendingunderthetownhall,thetrailisoneofthetown’stoptouristattractions.

THETOURISTVALUE

OFTHEMONUMENTSOFSANDOMIERZ

STAREMIASTO

TheentireareaofthehistoricurbanandarchitecturalcomplexofSandomierz(Fig.2)coversabout40hectares,ofwhich16hectaresbelongtotoday'sStareMiasto(theareathatreceivedthecharter).Allthemonuments,amongwhichsacredsitesdominate,arelocatedthere.Theseincludethecathedralcomplex

Photo2.BenedictineconventcomplexwithSt.Michael’sChurch:theviewfromOpatowskaGate

(Photo:R.Faracik)

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Fig.2.StareMiastoinSandomierzSource:www.mapy.cz

(14th-19thc.),St.James’Church(1226,14th/15thc.)withthewingoftheDominicanmonastery(13thc.),thechurchoftheConversionofSt.Paul(early15thc.),theBenedictinemonasterycomplexwithSt.Michael’sChurch(17th-18thc.)(Photo2),theReformatimonasterycomplexwithSt.Joseph’sChurch(1679-90,18thc.)andtheformerhospitalcomplexwiththeChurchoftheHolySpirit(15thc.,18thc.).

Thetown’slandmarkisthemarketsquarewiththe

Gothic-Renaissancetownhall(Photo3)anditssur-roundingbuildings(especiallyworthmentioningisthewesternfrontagewithOleśnickichHouseandtheformerBobolaSchool(nowhousingtheKnights'Armoury),andontheeasternside,DomGrekaKojszo-ra(Photos:4,5).NoteworthyisthecornerhouseofMikołajGomułkaandWęgierLazarczykHouse(alsoknownasKamienicapodCiżemką).Kordegarda(theseatofthePolishTouristandSightseeingSociety

–PTTK)separatesthemarketsquarefromthesmallmarket,whichisnowasquarefortradeincludingsouvenirstallsandstreetfood.Amongthestreetsleadingoutofthemarketsquare,themainoneisOpatowskaSt(Photo6)whichconnectsitwithOpa-towskaGate(andtheremainsoftheoriginaltownwalls).ZamkowaStconnectsthecentrewiththecastle(nowhousingtheDistrictMuseum)(Photo7),andfurtherwiththehillsoftheoriginaltown(includingSt.James’ChurchandtheravineofStJadwiga)(Photo8).MariackaStleadsfromthemarketsquaretowardsthecathedraldistrict,thebishop'spalaceandotherbuildingsofthechurchadministration.ParticularlyimportantinthispartofthetownisthegothicDlugoszHouse(Photo9),nowhousingtheDiocesanMuseum.ItadjoinsCollegiumGostomianumwhichisthelargestbuildingonthehill,makingitadominantfeatureintheviewfromtheVistula(Photo1).The

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Photo3.TownhallinSandomierz	Photo4.ThemarketsquareinSandomierz

–westernfrontage

Photo5.ThemarketsquareinSandomierz

–easternfrontage

Photo6.OpatowskaSt–viewfromTheobservationdeckatOpatowskaGate

Photo7.ThecastleinSandomierz	Photo8.LoessravineofStJadwiga

Photo9.DługoszHouse(Photos3–9:R.Faracik)

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westernpartofStareMiasto(ŻydowskaSt)wasoccupiedbytheJewishquarterofwhichonlytheformersynagoguefromthe17thc.(nowtheStateArchive)andthehouseofthekehillafromthe18thc.remain.

Severalnoblemansionshavesurvivedandsome

todayareusedfortouristaccommodation,e.g.DworekSkorupskich(‘DworekOjcaMateusza’),DworekStróżyń-skich(Hotel‘Sarmata’),andDwórKarpińskich(aguest-house).

STAREMIASTOASASPACEFOROUTDOOREVENTS

ThestaremiastoinSandomierzisaspaceformanyculturaleventsandthemarketsquareespecially,isauniquesettingforthoserelatedtothehistoryofthetown,theregionandthecountry.Inthisrespect,theJagiellonianFairandtheaccompanyingmedievaltournamentareparticularlyprominent.Thetwo-dayeventtakesplaceataweekendinJulyandbeginswithastagingofthecoronationofWladyslawJagiello’swife,ElżbietaGranowskafromSandomierz,asQueenofPoland.Duringtheevent,exhibitorsfromalloverthecountrypresentartisticandculinaryproducts.OnSandomierzfields,thereisatournamentanddisplayofmedievalarmies.Regulareventsincludeacourtdanceandceremonialparades.Gamesareorganizedforparticipantsofallages.TheJagiellonianFairisapartofatraditionofculturalandartisticeventstak-ingplaceintownslyingontheViaJagiellonica,con-nectingKrakówwithVilnius.

STAREMIASTOASASETFORATVSERIAL:

THEEXAMPLEOFOJCIECMATEUSZ

Today,oneofthesymbolsofthetownisthecharacterofthepriest,MateuszŻmigrodzki,thetitlecharacteroftheOjciecMateuszserial,basedontheItalianoriginalDonMatteo,andshotbyPolishTelevisionsince2008.ThechoiceofSandomierzamongothertownswasdeterminedbyitshistoricalcharacter,richinmonuments,whichdirectlyreferstotheItalianoriginal,Gubbio.Importantrolesinthishavebeenplayedbylocalgovernmentandchurchauthorities(Sandomierzdiocese).ThankstoanagreementsignedbyPolishTelevisionandtheRegionalTourismOrganizationofSwietokrzyskieVoivodeshipthepro-grammeismadeinSandomierzanditsenvironsaswellasinotherplacesincludingBusko-Zdrój,Opatów,WąchockandKielce(SZPARA&MUSZ2016).

Asaconsequence,theserialhasplayedakeyroleinpromotingthetown.andcreatingitsimageasapleasantandhospitableplace(Photo10).

Photo10.Thecastof‘OjciecMateusz’duringthepromotion‘OjciecMateusz-tajemniczezagadkiSandomierza’

on2July2014atthetownhallinSandomierz(Photo:author)

Additionally,in2015themovieZiarnoprawdywasreleasedasanadaptationofacrimenovelbyZyg-muntMiłoszewskiofthesametitle.ItissetinSando-mierz,andthetownbecamealocationforitsproduc-tion.

ACCOMMODATIONANDITSSPATIALDIFFERENTIATION

Accommodationisconsideredabasicelementoftourisminfrastructureanditsdevelopmentandtypedeterminetourismdevelopment.Anotherimportantissueisitsspatialdifferentiation.ThedevelopmentofaccommodationinSandomierzisconditionedbyitshightourismvalueandthepromotionofthetownbutparticularlocationsaretheresultofmanyspecificfactors.

Asaresultofaninventory(mappingandinternet

searching)in2016,107‘accommodationunits’wereidentifiedwithatotalcapacityof2532bedsofwhichabout90%wereopenallyear.Thegreatestcapacity(morethan100beds)isfoundintwohotels(MałyRzym***,Sarmata***),amotelwithaguesthouse(MotelKrólowejJadwigi),andtwocheaptouristhostels(SalusandBursaSzkolna).BrowarnyCamping(withcapacityof200beds)isopenpredominantlyduringthesummerbutalsoofferssomeyear-roundaccommoda-tion.

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Fig.3.AccommodationinSandomierzandareasofconcentration(A-G,explanationinthetext)

Source:author(www.google.com/maps)

AnalysingthespatialdistributioninSandomierz,areasofconcentrationcanbedistinguished(Fig.3,A–G):

A–StareMiastowiththecastleandtheneighbour-ingareaoftheoriginaltown(aroundSt.James’Church).Locationisrelatedtotheimmediatevicinityofhistoricbuildings,andtheirdiversityisrelatedtotype(hotels,guestrooms,guesthousesandotheraccommodation)aswellasthestandardofservicesoffered.Someofthemareinoriginalhistoricinteriors.

B–theareaofZawichojskaSt,fromOpatowskaGatetoŻwirkiiWigurySt.ThispartiallybelongstothehistoricpartofPrzedmieścieZawichojskie.BuildingsareconcentratedalongthemainaccessroadtoStare

MiastofromKrakówandTarnobrzeg.ItcoverstheareaeastofZawichojskaSttothehill.Therearebothguestroomsandtwolargeunits,HotelSarmataandPTTKTouristHostel.TheareaisdistinguishedbygoodaccessibilityandproximitytoStareMiasto.

C–theareaofMickiewiczaStandŻeromskiegoSt,fromOpatowskaGateandtheBenedictinemonasterytoKościuszkiSttogetherwiththesurroundingsoftheMonasteryoftheReformatiOrderandthetownpark.TheareaisdirectlyadjacenttoStareMiastoandincludesthehistoricPrzedmieścieOpatowskie.Itisdistinguishedbyitsconvenientlocationinrelationtothehistoriccentreandtheimmediatevicinityofvaluablearchitecturalcomplexesandopenspace.

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D–theareaof11ListopadaSt,fromMickiewiczSttoOkrzeiSt.Thearea,adjacenttothearmybarracksinthewest,coversmainlyprivatehousingalong11Lis-topadaStandWojskaPolskiegoSt(includingsidestreets),attheircrossroadsthebusstationisfound.Apartfromguestroomsofferedinprivatehouses,thereisahotel,MałyRzym,andtheBursaSzkolnaofferingcheapaccommodationfortouristgroups.

E–anareaofdetachedhousingbetweenSłoneczna

StandRokitekSt.Thehousesofferguestroomsandapartmentsforrent.ThelinkwithStareMiastoispro-videdbyStaromiejskaSt,leadingtoSt.James’Churchandthecastle.ThisareaisseparatedfromStareMiastobyadeeploessravine.

F–Gołębice:thearealocatedalongnationalroads

nos77and79(withinSandomierzitself,Kwiatkow-skiegoSt)andRóżanaSt.Ithasmainlyatransitfunc-tion.

G–theright-bankofSandomierz,associatedwiththeglassworksandotherfactoriesinthesouthernpartoftheareaandindividualhouseswithinformervillages.Intheindustrialandresidentialparts(aroundPortowaSt)thereisaccommodationservingtouristgroups.AccommodationisbeingcurrentlybuiltatLwowskaSt(nationalroadno.77).IntheareaofOstrówekandNadbrzezie,guestroomsandapart-mentsareofferedinprivatehouses.Thedevelopmentoftourisminthispartofthetownisconnectedwiththetransformationofitsformerindustrialfunctionsincethe1990`s.

Accommodationassociatedwithagricultureand

vineyardsisaseparatecategoryinareaswithtypicalagriculturalfeatures(northandnortheastofthetown)andinvolvesbothagritourismfarmsandguesthouses.InthiscategoryinMokoszynaredormitoriesattheSchoolofAgriculturalEducationCentreofZiemiaSandomierskaandaccommodationattheAgriculturalAdvisoryCentre.

Privateapartmentsandroomsrentedtotouristsarepopularcategoriesofaccommodationlocatednotonlyinindividualhousesbutalsoinmulti-storeybuildings,includinghousingestates.Theproportionofsuchaccommodationisestimatedat10-15%.Apart-mentsarealsoavailableforuseinnewlybuiltdistrictsorinrenovatedhistoricbuildingswithinStareMiasto.

TOURISMINSTAREMIASTO

Theissueofobtainingreliabledataconcerningthevolumeoftourismisoneofthemainbarriersaffect-inganalysisanddiagnosisoftourismdevelopment.Officialstatistics(basedonreportsinaccommoda-tionunits)aresignificantlyimprecisewhiledataonvisitstotouristattractions(sold/issuedtickets)donot

provideafullpicture.Inordertoestimatethevolume,asurveyofthenumberofvisitors1atcharacteristicpointsinStareMiastowasconducted:

atthewellinthemarketsquare;

atDługoszHouse;

infrontoftheentrancegatetothecastle;

theentranceofSt.JamesChurch;

atthelowerentrancetoStJadwigaravine.

TheresearchwasconductedonJuly2,2014(Wednesday),July4,2014(Friday),andMay16,2015(Saturday),from8:00to17:00.Allthesedaysweresunnyandconducivetostrollingandexploring.AssumingthatavisittotheMarketSquareismandatoryforeverytouristvisitingSandomierz,StareMiastowasvisitedby2,400peopleonJuly2,2014;5,100onJuly4,2014and2,200onMay16,2015(Table1).Awayfromthemarketsquarethereisadecrease.DespitetherelativelysmallsizeofStareMiastoinSandomierz,alargenumberoftouristsremainwithinthemarketsquarewherethemaintouristattractionsarelocated:theUndergroundTouristTrail,theArmoury,andfrom2017theŚwiatOjcaMateusza(TheWorldofFatherMateusz)exhibition.Agreatattrac-tionisOpatowskaGate(observationpoint).

Table1.ThenumberoftouristsatchosenpointsinSandomierzStareMiasto

Place	Number
2.07. 2014	4.07. 2014	16.05. 2015
Rynek–marketsquare(thewell)	2,398	5,073	2,205
NearDługoszHouse	893	1,156	1,615
Castleentrance	614	565	1,015
TheentrancetoSt.James’Church	498	765	nodataavailable
TheravineofSt.Jad-wiga(lowerentrance)	219	339	383

Source:author.

Theincreaseinthenumberoftouristsvisitingthetownsince2008ishighlightedbyK.SZPARA&R.MUSZ(2016).Accordingtotheseauthors,itismostlyaneffectofthepromotionofSandomierzthroughtheserialOjciecMateusz.Thisisvisibleinvisitornumbersatthemajortouristattractionsofthetown.Between2008and2011thenumbervisitingtheUndergroundTouristTrailincreasedbymorethan70%(fromjustover80,000in2008tomorethan137,000in2011),andtoOpatowskaGatebymorethan87%(fromnearly68,000in2008toover127,000in2011).Theamountofaccommodationanditsusershasalsosignificantlyincreased.

Inrecentyears,thenumberofvisitorstolocal

museumshasrisenaswell(therearetwomuseums:theDiocesanMuseumandtheDistrictMuseum,and

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alsoabranchofthe‘MuseumofthePolishPeasantMovement’fromWarsaw).In2016,theywerevisitedbyatotalof95,900people(forcomparison,in2012itwas80,200,andin2014,72,200)(fromLocalDataBank).

Thesurveyamong211touristsvisitingSandomierz

(95menand116women;ageofrespondents:under25:33;26-50:120;over50:38)July1st-4th2014showedthattheOjciecMateuszserialandthecharacterofFatherMateuszwerethemainconnectionwiththetownfor58.3%ofrespondents.Theserialwasalsodeclaredoneofthemainreasonsfor15.2%ofthetouristsquestionedand5.2%visitedtheTVsites(FARACIKetal.2015).

CONCLUDINGREMARKS

SandomierzisoneofthebestpreservedandmostinterestingmonumentalcomplexesinPoland,whichmakesitanimportantcentreofcognitivetourism.Although,currentlyassociatedwiththeserialOjciecMateuszandconsideredasanexampleofthedevelop-mentofTVtourisminPoland,thetownistryingtopromoteotheraspects,oftenunique.Inthisregard,particularlyinterestingistheprojectcalled‘Sando-mierz:theworldcapitalofstripedflint’andevents,com-petitionsandworkshopsorganisedtopromotestripedflintasarawmaterialforjewellery,refertotraditionsfromthelate1970sandtheartistCezaryŁutowicz,anundisputedauthorityinthisfield(WÓDZ2008,2009).AnotherexampleisthepromotionofSandomierzasthecentreofanorchardandhorticulturalregion.ThisisconnectedwiththedevelopmentoftheSandomierzSzlakJablkowy(AppleTrail),offeringseveraltouristproductsandtheSzlakWiniarski(VineyardTrail),aproposalforoenotourisminthetownanditssur-roundings(KAPŁAN2014).SandomierzisconsideredthePolish‘capital’ofpeachesandapricots(KĘSIK1998).Athousandyearsoftraditionasacentreofreligiouslifeisvisibleinitssacredlandscapeandisthespecificgeniuslociofthisplace.ThiswasconfirmedbythePope'svisitinJune1999,whileSandomierzhasbeenapilgrimagedestinationformanycenturies.

Itsdevelopmentastouristcentrecanbeseenas

afactorinhibitingprogressivedepopulation.Furtherdiversificationofthetouristofferisnecessaryaswellasthebuildingoffunctionallinkswithotherattrac-tionsnearby.Inadditiontohistoricbuildings(e.g.Opatów,BaranówSandomierski,Koprzywnica,Kuro-zwęki,andtheruinsoftheKrzyżtopórcastleinUjazd),oneproposalisforthereservoirinTarnobrzeg(about500hectares),formedfromaformeropencastsulphurmine,atwhichtourismdevelopmenthasalreadybegun.

ENDNOTE

1ThesurveywasconductedbystudentsofgeographyfromtheInstituteofGeographyandSpatialManagementofJagiel-lonianUniversity,Krakówduringfieldworkin2014and2015.

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Articlereceived:2November2017

Accepted:10December2017