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Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic properties of cerium doped $TiO_{2}$ : on the effect of Ce loading on the photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide
Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic properties of cerium doped $TiO_{2}$ : on the effect of Ce loading on the photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide
Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic properties of cerium doped $TiO_{2}$ : on the effect of Ce loading on the photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide
autor:
Matějová Lenka, Kočí Kamila, Reli Martin, Čapek Libor, Hospodková Alice, Peikertová Pavlína, Matěj Zdeněk, Obalová Lucie, Wach Anna , Kuśtrowski Piotr , Kotarba Andrzej
The
parent
TiO
2
and
cerium
doped
TiO
2
photocatalysts
with
Ce
loadings
0.28–10
mol.%
were
prepared
by
the
sol-gel
method
controlled
within
reverse
micelles
of
nonionic
surfactant
Triton
X-114.
Photocatalysts
were
comprehensively
characterized
using
nitrogen
physisorption,
XRD,
XPS,
contact
potential
difference
measurements,
Raman
spectroscopy,
and
DR
UV–vis
spectroscopy
and
their
performance
was
explored
in
the
CO
2
photocatalytic
reduction
for
the
first
time.
Concerning
photocatalysts
properties,
it
was
revealed
that
the
inhibiting
effect
of
cerium
on
the
TiO
2
crystallites
growth
occurred
only
up
to
3
mol.%
of
Ce
when
the
incorporation
of
Ce
4+
into
the
anatase
lattice
took
place.
This
phenomenon
was
correlated
with
the
expansion
of
anatase
cell
volume.
At
higher
Ce
loadings
(
≥
5
mol.%)
the
anatase
lattice
was
saturated
and
the
formation/separation
of
amorphous
ceria
and/or
ceria
(
∼
1
nm)
nucleation
occurred,
accompanied
by
the
increase
of
TiO
2
anatase
crystallite-size
and
the
limitation
of
value
of
anatase
cell
volume.
Fur-
ther,
it
was
found
out
that
the
mesoporosity
of
photocatalysts
may
be
preferentially
attributed
to
voids
existing
between
the
individual
crystallites
and
thus
can
be
influenced
by
changes
in
the
crystallite
size.
The
modification
of
TiO
2
with
cerium
affected
also
the
spectral
response
of
photocatalysts,
shifting
it
to
the
visible
light
region.
However,
this
property
itself
was
not
crucial
in
the
CO
2
photocatalytic
reduc-
tion.
The
key
role
in
the
CO
2
photocatalytic
reduction
played
the
energies
of
electrons
and
holes
within
the
electronic
structure
of
photocatalysts,
which
were
markedly
affected
by
the
Ce
atoms
addition.
For
0.28
mol.%Ce/TiO
2
,
both
electrons
and
holes
have
required
potentials
for
the
photocatalytic
reduction
of
CO
2
,
while
for
3
mol.%
and
higher
Ce
loadings
the
energy
of
electrons
was
already
below
H
+
reduction
potential
and
thus
the
photocatalytic
performance
of
these
catalysts
was
decreasing.