Essays collected in this volume explores different aspects of democracy in Israel, Jordan and Turkey. Procedural democracy may be viewed as consisting of two fundamental dimensions: political participation of citizens and social groups and competitiveness amongst political actors. Both of them may be discussed on the level of political institutions and political behavior of certain actors. Two Middle Eastern democracies - Israel and Turkey as well as pluralized autocracy - Jordan, despite significant differences, share some similar problems concerning limits of political participation and fears of restricted competitiveness. Those dilemmas of democracy in the Middle East have been extensively discussed in this volume.